RESUMO
The Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) instrument suite aboard ExoMars/Trace Gas Orbiter spacecraft is mainly conceived for the study of minor atmospheric species, but it also offers the opportunity to investigate surface composition and aerosols properties. We investigate the information content of the Limb, Nadir, and Occultation (LNO) infrared channel of NOMAD and demonstrate how spectral orders 169, 189, and 190 can be exploited to detect surface CO2 ice. We study the strong CO2 ice absorption band at 2.7 µm and the shallower band at 2.35 µm taking advantage of observations across Martian Years 34 and 35 (March 2018 to February 2020), straddling a global dust storm. We obtain latitudinal-seasonal maps for CO2 ice in both polar regions, in overall agreement with predictions by a general climate model and with the Mars Express/OMEGA spectrometer Martian Years 27 and 28 observations. We find that the narrow 2.35 µm absorption band, spectrally well covered by LNO order 189, offers the most promising potential for the retrieval of CO2 ice microphysical properties. Occurrences of CO2 ice spectra are also detected at low latitudes and we discuss about their interpretation as daytime high altitude CO2 ice clouds as opposed to surface frost. We find that the clouds hypothesis is preferable on the basis of surface temperature, local time and grain size considerations, resulting in the first detection of CO2 ice clouds through the study of this spectral range. Through radiative transfer considerations on these detections we find that the 2.35 µm absorption feature of CO2 ice clouds is possibly sensitive to nm-sized ice grains.
RESUMO
Los contaminantes emergentes son compuestos de diferente origen y naturaleza química cuya presencia en el medio ambiente, o las posibles consecuencias de la misma, han pasado en gran parte inadvertidas. Son compuestos de los cuales se posee poca información sobre su impacto en los distintos compartimentos ambientales y que, por tanto, precisan investigación. El creciente énfasis en la evaluación y monitoreo de los contaminantes en los ecosistemas acuáticos ha revelado la necesidad de utilizar biomarcadores apropiados, siendo las lesiones histopatológicas una herramienta cada vez más utilizada. El presente trabajo recoge una revisión bibliográfica sobre la presencia de contaminantes emergentes en el medio acuático, así como, de las lesiones histopatológicas originadas en peces como consecuencia de la exposición a estos compuestos. Se puede indicar que los fármacos son el grupo de contaminantes emergentes mayoritariamente detectado en el compartimento acuático (incluyendo aguas superficiales y sedimentos). Son el 17α-etinilestradiol (estrógeno sintético) y el nonilfenol (surfactante) los contaminantes emergentes más ampliamente estudiados en peces desde el punto de vista Histopatológico; y también se observa que existe predominancia de ciertas lesiones en cuanto al órgano estudiado y la exposición a determinados grupos de contaminantes emergentes. Por todo ello, se puede considerar a las lesiones histopatológicas como un buen biomarcador de exposición a contaminantes emergentes y de los efectos originados por ellos. Las lesiones histopatológicas pueden: alterar las funciones reguladas por los órganos afectados, las cuales están relacionadas con procesos biológicos importantes; reflejar cambios subclínicos originados por la exposición a bajas concentraciones de tóxicos (particularmente importante en el caso de los contaminantes emergentes) así como permanecer en el tiempo si las condiciones ambientales no varían (AU)
Emerging pollutants are compounds of different origin a chemical nature, which a presence in the environment, or their posible consequences, have largely gone unnoticed. They are compounds of which relatively little is known about their impact in the different environmental compartments, therefore, they need investigation. The increasing emphasis on the assessment and monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic ecosystems has revealed the need to use appropiate biomarkers, being the histopathological lesions a tool increasingly used. In the current work a review of the literatura on the presence of the emerging pollutants in the aquatic compartment, as well as, of the histopathological lesions caused by exposure to these compounds in fish was performed. It can be indicated that pharmaceutical compounds are the group of emerging pollutants mainly detected in the quatic environment (including superficial water and sediments). 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (synthetic estrogen) and nonylphenol (surfactant) are the most widely emerging pollutants studied in fish from a Histopathological point of view; and also it is observed that there is a predominance of certain lesions in terms of the organ studied and exposure to certain groups of emerging pollutants. For all that, histopathological lesions can be considered as a good biomarker of exposure and effects of emerging pollutants. Histopathological lesions can: disturb functions regulated by the affected organs that can be related with important biological processes; reflect subclinical changes caused by exposure to low concentrations of toxics (paticularly important in the case of emerging pollutants) as well as remain in time if the environmental conditions do not vary (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Poluentes da Água/análise , Poluição do Mar/análise , Preparações Farmacêuticas/isolamento & purificação , Medidas de Toxicidade , Histocitoquímica/métodosRESUMO
NOMAD is a suite of three spectrometers that will be launched in 2016 as part of the joint ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter mission. The instrument contains three channels that cover the IR and UV spectral ranges and can perform solar occultation, nadir and limb observations, to detect and map a wide variety of Martian atmospheric gases and trace species. Part I of this work described the models of the UVIS channel; in this second part, we present the optical models representing the two IR channels, SO (Solar Occultation) and LNO (Limb, Nadir and Occultation), and use them to determine signal to noise ratios (SNRs) for many expected observational cases. In solar occultation mode, both the SO and LNO channel exhibit very high SNRs >5000. SNRs of around 100 were found for the LNO channel in nadir mode, depending on the atmospheric conditions, Martian surface properties, and observation geometry.
RESUMO
El aprendizaje es un proceso continuo que no debería finalizar una vez aprobada una determinada asignatura. En cualquier estudio universitario hay muchas materias que, para su comprensión, requieren de conocimientos adquiridos previamente en otras. En los estudios de Farmacia del plan 2002, los profesores de toxicología habían constatado que los estudiantes de dicha asignatura no recordaban conceptos básicos cursados en asignaturas de semestres anteriores. La asignatura de toxicología necesita para su comprensión conocimientos de, entre otras materias, fisiología y fisiopatología. Por esta razón se planteó la necesidad de hacer una actuación conjunta entre los profesores de Fisiología y Toxicología.Los objetivos de este proyecto fueron: a) Identificación de los contenidos fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos que los alumnos deben conocer para el seguimiento de la asignatura de toxicología. b) Unificación terminológica. c) Realización de un conjunto de preguntas básicas sobre estos contenidos. d) Detección, a través de estas preguntas, de los temas o grupos de temas con porcentajes más altos de respuestas incorrectas. e) Detectar los temas de fisiología y fisiopatología en los que hay que hacer más hincapié para favorecer el seguimiento de toxicología. En esta comunicación se describe la experiencia y los resultados obtenidos(AU)
Learning is a continuous process that should be still performed once a particular subject has been passed. In the university, many subjects require prior knowledge of others subjects for better understanding. During the Pharmacy curriculum of 2002, toxicology teachers observed that students did not seem to remember the basic concepts presumably acquired in previous semesters. For example, for the toxicology subject, students should have basic knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology. For this reason, a joint action among physiology and toxicology teachers was considered.The objectives of this project were: a) Identifying the physiological and pathophysiological aspects that students should know to follow the toxicology course. b) Reaching agreement over the common terminology. c) Executing a set of basic questions about these physiological and pathophysiological aspects. d) Detecting through these questions, the topics with a highest percentage of incorrect answers. e) Identifying which physiology and pathophysiology topics should be emphasized to encourage students to follow the toxicology subject. This communication describes the experience and outcomes of this project(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fisiologia/educação , Toxicologia/educação , Educação em Farmácia/métodos , Educação em Farmácia/tendências , Aprendizagem/ética , Avaliação Educacional/métodos , Educação em Farmácia/ética , Educação em Farmácia/normas , Avaliação Educacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação Educacional/normas , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , ConhecimentoRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Transporte de Pacientes/métodos , Primeiros Socorros/métodos , Trabalho de Resgate/métodosRESUMO
No disponible
